structure constructed of wood, steel, or aluminum tubing. Summary of Semimonocoque and Monocoque design a) Monocoque The true Monocoque construction uses formers, stress skin, and bulkheads b) Semimonocoque Consists of frame assemblies of longerons, stringer, skin bulkheads, and formers as used in the Monocoque design but, additionally c) Advantages and disadvantages of Monocoque and Semi Monocoque. The combination is referred to as semi-monocoque construction. Due to the limitations of the monocoque design, a semi-monocoque structure is used on many of today’s aircraft. Monocoques were first widely used in aircraft in the 1930s. These structure types are discussed in more detail under aircraft construction later in the chapter. Wings structure augmented by an internal frame or semi-monocoque structure. Semi-Monocoque Construction Skin still takes the major loads but is reinforced by frames, longerons and stringers Provides adequate strength and gives a good strength/weight ratio Deformation under load prevented by longerons and stringers. Many aircraft use a fabric covering with this type of structure. designs. significant problem involved in monocoque construc-tion is maintaining enough strength while keeping the weight within allowable limits. The monocoque design can be categorized into three classes which are monocoque, semi monocoque and reinforced shell. The covering of the structure, if any takes no loads. a) Space Frame b) Monocoque Chassis . Semi-Monococue - This utilises a light weight internal structure and a stressed skin to take the loads. However, most aircraft used monocoque design in their structure in order to carry various loads. Examples of semi-monocoque vehicles. Although the addition of the support structure adds to the overall weight of the configuration, it retains its light and stiff characteristics while reacting the applied loads. Les avantages de la formule semi-monocoque sont: La solidité, la facilité de construction, l'habitabilité maximale du fuselage, et ce que l'on appellle la protection totale. The semi-monocoque system uses a substructure to which the airplane’s skin is attached. The term semi-monocoque refers to a stressed shell structure that is similar to a true monocoque, but which derives at least some of its strength from conventional reinforcement.Semi-monocoque construction is used for, among other things, aircraft fuselages, car bodies and motorcycle frames. La protection totale signifie que la structure conserve une rigidité suffisante même lorsqu'un des éléments est fortement endommagé. structure in a monocoque chassis. The 1960s race cars, which used monocoque chassis, had a cylindrically formed construction to improve the torsional rigidity (Eurenius, Danielsson, Khokar, Krane, Olofsson, Wass, 2013).